Differential associations of beverage consumption with diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies

The association between alcohol and DR varies by disease stage and beverage type. Tea and high-dose coffee consumption suggest non-linear inverse associations against DR, while high-dose ASB intake may specifically increase the risk of PDR. Given that several analyses were based on a limited number of observational studies, further prospective studies are needed to refine these assessments and provide evidence for dietary prevention strategies.